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- <text id=93CT1814>
- <link 90TT0695>
- <title>
- Oman--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Southwest Asia
- Oman
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Although its early history is obscure, records show that
- Muscat and Oman (as the country was called before 1970) was
- converted to Islam in the seventh century A.D., during the
- lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. Ibadhism, a form of Islam
- tracing its roots to the Kharjite movement, became the dominant
- religious sect in Oman by the eighth century. Contact with
- Europe was established in 1508, when the Portuguese conquered
- parts of the coastal region. Portugal's influence predominated
- for more than a century, with only a short interruption by the
- Turks. Fortifications built during the Portuguese occupation
- can still be seen at Muscat.
- </p>
- <p> After the Portuguese were expelled in 1650 and while
- resisting Persian attempts to establish hegemony, Muscat and
- Oman extended its conquests to Zanzibar, other parts of the
- eastern coast of Africa, and portions of the southern Arabian
- Peninsula. During this period, political leadership gravitated
- from the Ibadhi imams, who were elected religious leaders, to
- hereditary sultans who established their capital in Muscat. The
- Muscat rulers established trading posts on the Persian coast
- (now Iran) and also exercised a measure of control over the
- Makran coast (now Pakistan) of mainland Asia. The last remnant
- of this holding, Gwadar, was ceded to Pakistan in 1958. By the
- early 19th century, Muscat and Oman was the most powerful state
- in Arabia and on the East African coast.
- </p>
- <p> Except for a brief period of Persian rule, the Omanis have
- remained independent since 1650. Muscat and Oman was the object
- of Franco-British rivalry throughout the 18th century. The
- British developed a paramount position in 1798 through an
- agreement of friendship. Two years later, the Sultanate agreed
- to receive a resident British representative. During the 19th
- century, Muscat and Oman and the United Kingdom concluded
- several treaties of friendship and commerce. Their traditional
- association was confirmed in 1951 through a new Treaty of
- Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation by which the United Kingdom
- recognized the Sultanate as a fully independent state.
- </p>
- <p> When Sultan Sa'di Sayyid died in 1856, his sons quarreled
- over his succession. As a result of this struggle, the empire--through the mediation of the British Government under the
- "Canning Award"--was divided in 1861 into two separate
- principalities--Zanzibar, with its East African dependencies,
- and Muscat and Oman. Zanzibar paid an annual subsidy to Muscat
- and Oman until it became independent in early 1964.
- </p>
- <p> During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Sultan in
- Muscat faced rebellion by members of the Ibadhi sect residing in
- the interior who wanted to be ruled exclusively by their
- religious leaders, the Imam of Oman. This conflict was resolved
- temporarily by the Treaty of Seeb, which granted the Imam
- autonomous rule in the interior, while recognizing the nominal
- sovereignty of the Sultan.
- </p>
- <p> The conflict flared up again in 1954, when the new Imam led a
- sporadic 5-year rebellion against the Sultan's efforts to extend
- government control into the interior. The insurgents were
- defeated in 1959 with British help. The Sultan then terminated
- the Treaty of Seeb and voided the office of the Imam. In the
- early 1960s, the exiled Imam obtained support from Saudi Arabia
- and other Arab governments, but this support has ended.
- </p>
- <p> In 1964, a separatist revolt began in Dhofar Province. Aided
- by communist and leftist governments such as South yemen, the
- rebels formed the Dhofar Liberation Front, which later merged
- with the Marxist-dominated Popular Front for the Liberation of
- Oman and the Arab Gulf (PFLOAG). The PFLOAG's declared intention
- was to overthrow all traditional Arab Gulf regimes in the
- Persian Gulf.
- </p>
- <p> In mid-1974, PFLOAG shortened its name to the Popular Front
- for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO) and embarked on a political
- rather than a military approach to gain power in the other
- Persian Gulf states, while continuing the guerrilla war in
- Dhofar.
- </p>
- <p> The present ruler, Sultan Qaboos bin Sa'id, defeated the
- Dhofar insurgency in late 1975. Since then, Dhofar generally has
- been peaceful.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Sultan Qaboos bin Sa'id assumed power on July 24, 1970, in a
- palace coup directed against his father, Sa'id bin Taimur, who
- later died in exile in London. The new Sultan was confronted
- with insurgency in a country plagued by endemic disease,
- illiteracy, and poverty.
- </p>
- <p> One of the new Sultan's first measures was to abolish many of
- his father's harsh restrictions, which had caused thousands of
- Omanis to leave the country. He also offered amnesty to
- opponents of the previous regime, many of whom returned to Oman;
- established a modern government structure; and launched a major
- development program to upgrade educational and health
- facilities, build a modern infrastructure, and develop the
- country's resources. The Sultan quickly gained popularity for
- his sweeping changes.
- </p>
- <p> In an effort curb the Dhofar insurgency, Sultan Qaboos
- expanded and re-equipped the armed forces and granted amnesty to
- all surrendered rebels while vigorously prosecuting the war in
- Dhofar. He obtained direct military support from Iran and
- Jordan. By early 1975, the guerrillas were confined to a
- 50-square-kilometer (20-sq.-mi.) area and shortly thereafter
- were defeated. As the war drew to a close, civil action
- programs were given increasing priority throughout the province
- and since have become major elements in winning the allegiance
- of the people. The PFLO threat appeared to diminish further with
- the establishment of diplomatic relations in October 1983
- between South Yemen and Oman and subsequent diminution of
- propaganda and subversive activities against Oman. In late 1987,
- Oman opened an embassy in Aden and appointed its first resident
- ambassador to South Yemen.
- </p>
- <p> Despite the government's success in quelling the Dhofar
- insurgency, regional tensions, including the Iran-Iraq war and
- attacks on commercial shipping in the Gulf and the Strait of
- Hormuz, continue to necessitate large expenditures for defense.
- Twenty-four percent of the 1985 GDP was allocated to defense and
- national security. Oman maintains small but effective armed
- forces, supplied mainly with British equipment in addition to
- items from the United States and other countries. British
- officers, either on loan or on contract to the Sultanate, help
- to staff the armed forces. However a program of "Omanization" is
- underway to increase the proportion of Omani officers.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, June
- 1989.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-